The purpose of this study was to examine kinematic characteristics and performance strategies during single and multiple obstacle crossings in cerebellar patients. Nine cerebellar patients and 9 age-matched normal controls were instructed to walk a straight path and step over obstacles as required by the test conditions (single and double obstacle crossing). We measured foot clearance, take-off distance, landing distance, footabduction, and walking velocity. The results indicated that cerebellar patients showed lower crossing velocity than normal controls and more difficulty in performing the double obstacle crossing task that requires higher information processing. In addition, they exhibited shorter take-off distance and higher foot clearance in both obstacle crossing tasks probably to avoid tripping over obstacles indicating impairments in establishing an optimal performance strategy for the task. These results suggest that cerebellum is a critical neural structure for planning and execution of complex lower limb control during multiple obstacle crossing tasks involved in visual information processing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of visual search strategies and utilizing visual cue on the expertise of child motor development instructor. The participants (n=12) consisted of 6 experts and 6 non-experts. Watching distracting teaching situations, they were required to observe the moving picture and then express the actual perceived focus locations. For this experiment, an eye movement system (NACEMR-9), a beam-projector, and a recording were used. The results were as follows. The expert group had high visual fixation frequency and high visual search rate representing short average visual fixation time compared with the non-expert group. In addition, the results on the regional fixation area revealed that the expert group fixated longer on the surroundings or the tools than the non-expert group. The non-expert group, however, fixated longer on the regions on the main task than the expert group. Finally, The results on the perceived focus locations showed that expert group had high perceived focus rate on the regions on the main task, the regions on distraction, and the regions on line up. On the contrary, the non-expert group had very high perceived rate on the main task compared with the other regions. Findings suggest that visual search ability has relationship with expertise, and expert adopt more efficient and effective strategies because they know what information is relevant.

This study was conducted to investigate sport consultant` experiences, values, attitudes, and to evaluate current qualification system in order to suggest desirable alternatives. Ten experts and ten sport consultants attended depth interviews and focus group interviews three times. The results were analyzed considering objectivity and validity of qualitative data. We had the following results. First, sport consultants approached with self-motivation most. Second, interviewees` changes and development brought happiness to sport consultants, and they had some problems such as physical difficulties and coaching method for leaders. Third, they created various consulting cases of sport events such as soccer, golf, swimming, tennis, track and field and psychological methods and know-hows to specific sport type were noticed. Fourth, they should have positive attitudes such as humanistic acceptance, sympathy, attention, and role as supporters and need professional ability and a lot of field experiences. Fifth, we found special problems such as protection of privacy, and ethics. Sixth, they experienced psychological burn-outs and lack of confidence caused by lack of preparation. To overcome these problems, they had relationship with co-workers, rest, and self-training. Cost and hour of sport consulting, and effect of group consulting were mentioned. Finally, we brought up problems of qualification of sport consultants and had some suggestions. Based on these results, we discussed a lot of things related to sport consultants and suggested detailed studies.

The purpose of the present study was two-fold: (1) To examine the multiple mediating roles of students` athletic beliefs, perceived competence, and achievement goals in the relationship between contextual motivational climate and situational motivation in physical education setting, and (2) To compare whether the relationships among these variables differentiate across gender. Participants were 690 middle school students. Structural equation modelling analysis and multi-group analysis were used to examine the multiple mediation model and invariance across gender. The results of structural equation modelling indicated that students` incremental beliefs mediated the relationship between performance climate and performance goals, perceived competence mediated the relationship between mastery climate and performance-approach goal, entity beliefs mediated the relationship between performance climate and performance goals. Achievement goals except performance-avoidance goal were a mediator between perceived competence and situational motivations, as well as between incremental beliefs and situational motivations. Performance-approach/avoidance goals also mediated the relationship between entity beliefs and situational motivations. Multi-group analysis revealed that multiple mediation model was not invariant for males and females. The present findings suggest that students` dispositional motivation variables partially could mediate the relationships between perceived motivational climate and situational motivation, and the paths between latent variables were not invariant across gender.

In this study, we examined the relation among social-environmental factors, basic needs, and indices of athletes` psychological well-being and tested mediating role of basic needs. Middle and high school athletes (n=292) of Jeju Special Self-governing Province and Gwangju metropolitan city completed questionnaires assessing the aforementioned variables. Structural equation modeling indicated that autonomy support had significant positive effect on autonomy and competence, and task-involving climate had significant positive effect on autonomy and relatedness, and ego-involving climate had significant positive effect only on competence. Autonomy and relatedness had significant positive effect on positive affect and subjective vitality, and had significant negative effect on negative affect, and competence had significant positive effect on positive affect and subjective vitality. Further autonomy support had indirect positive effect on positive affect and subjective vitality through autonomy. Task-involving climate had indirect positive effect on positive affect and subjective vitality through autonomy and competence. Ego-involving climate had indirect positive effect on negative affect by way of autonomy. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

This study investigated not only the mediating effects of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in the relations between passion and burnout, but also examined the moderating effects of passion and perfectionism on burnout in a university dance setting. Participants were 506 female dance students. A series of hierarchical regression analysis was conducted. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that students` passion for dance had a direct and indirect effect on emotional and physical exhaustion through perfectionism, as well as devaluation of dance participation and reduced sense of achievement through perfection pursuit. The three-way interaction of dance career, harmonious passion, and obsessive passion significantly influenced on emotional and physical exhaustion, but also the interaction of dance career, harmonious passion, and perfection pursuit had a significant effect on it. Two-way interactions of obsessive passion and perfection pursuit, harmonious passion and obsessive passion significantly influenced on devaluation of dance participation, but also a three-way interaction effect of dance career, harmonious passion, and perfection pursuit was significant. But there was no a significant interaction effect of dance career, passion, and perfectionism on reduced sense of achievement. The results of the study suggest that not only a high level of perfectionism can mediate the relation between passion and burnout, but also burnout experiences can be moderated by the interactions of dance career, passion, and perfection pursuit.

The purpose of this study is to search for measurement tools suitable for domestic conditions in terms of characterization of body insight, develop for college students and test Korean version of body insight scale, coming up with a basis for students to positively utilize potentials of body insight and provide body insight scales meeting with Korean conditions. To accomplish the purpose of this study, we picked up on a step by step basis a total of 1,202 college students as samples and came up with the following conclusion through translation of questionnaires, item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, construct equivalence comparison and comparative analysis of latent means. Firstly, we applied procedures incidental to localization of scale so that existing body insight criteria could be used in our own culture, having working level opinions properly reflected and with meanings of body insight including energy body awareness, comfort body awareness and inner body awareness as contained in the original documents having been measured in a manner meeting with our own culture, thereby securing content validity against a total of 18 questions. Secondly, there appeared to be no questions to be deleted due to problems in terms of skewness, kurtosis and item response ratio, as a result of preliminary test meaning the result was not against normal distribution. Reliability appeared to be good and 3 factors were found to be in the descending order, as a result of exploratory factor analysis. Thirdly, body insight scales of 3 factors structure were tested under this study and models of energy body awareness, comfort body awareness and internal body awareness validated through a confirmatory factor analysis. The results of validity test and reliability analysis against respective item appeared to be good. Fourthly, it was verified through comparison between construct equivalence and latent means of body insight scales that they could be utilized as common questionnaires against respective group. As a result of test of difference between groups, gender and depending on whether participating in club sports, department showed significant differences in body insight. Based on the above results, we could say it would be good to keep our health in good conditions by extending our interests in the body through perception of body insight in terms of body awareness. It is considered to be useful scale for us living to positively utilize potentials that aware of view expressed by body sensation.

This article outlines the development and initial validation of the Controlling Coach Behavior Scale (CCBS), a multidimensional self-report measure designed to assess sports coaches` controlling interpersonal style, which originated from the work of Bartholomew, Ntoumanis and Thøgersen-Ntoumanis (2010). CCBS is consisted of four factors (15-items) with controlling use of rewards, conditional regard, intimidation, and excessive personal control. Data were collected from 287 youth athletes (basketball, soccer, rugby and volleyball players). In order to test the validity and reliability of Korean version of CCBS (K-CCBS), we performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the factorial validity, as well as internal consistency and correlations among four variables. As a result, K-CCBS had 4 factors with 15 items, and each four factor was negatively correlated with coach autonomy support. Overall, the scale demonstrated good content and factorial validity. Recommendation and suggestion for its use in research pertaining to the controlling behaviors of coaching and sport participation are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender differences in the relationships between the participation in after-school sport program and physical self-concept in korean middle school students. For the purpose of this study, 254(male 182, female 72) students were participated to complete the questionnaires Before and after the 12 weeks program, the Korean version of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, as the instrument, was used. The main statistical methods were descriptive statistics and t-test through SAS 9.2. The results of this study were as follow. First, female students had more negative perception of physical self-concept than male students. Second, after-school sport program had no effect on all sub-dimensions of male students` physical self-concept. Third, after-school sport program had positive influences on many sub-dimensions of female students` physical self-concept. These results were discussed from the viewpoint of the ceiling effect, floor effect, and informational feedback.

The purpose of this study was to verify the psychological and physiological efficacy, by developing a treatment program that combines aerobic dancing and yoga for patients with depression in regional communities. As study subjects, among the applicants recruited through a promotion in local communities conducted by a psychiatry hospital in J-gu in the City of Seoul, there were 8 patients in the experimental group and 8 patients in the control group, with the patients in both groups being eligible for participation in depression testing (BDI). The experimental group underwent 8-weeks, twice a week, i.e., a total of 16 sessions, of a healing combined exercise program, with each session lasting 100-minutes. And, using t-tests and covariance analysis, the before-testing and after-testing examinations were conducted. As a result of the study, first, in psychological verification, the SCL-90-R test results showed that the efficacy for somatization, OCD, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid, psychotic symptoms and additional items were all verified in the experimental group, and there were significant differences between the two groups. In the results for euphoria, the experimental group showed a reduction in efficacy in satisfaction, positive emotion improvement, negative emotions, and there were significant differences between the two groups. Regarding self-esteem, the experimental group showed efficacy in positive self-esteem and negative self esteem, and there were differences between the two groups only with respect to negative self-esteem. In physiological verification, although there were slight reductions in heart rate and body composition, there were no statistically significant differences. As such, as an intervention method for treating depression among serious psychiatry for the modern society, an exercise therapy of yoga and aerobic dancing is suggested, and we are attempting to provide the basic data for future clinical exercise psychology studies and interdisciplinary combined studies.

The current study tried to identify differences in physical activity and the TTM constructs between Korean and American older adults, to explore differences in the TTM constructs by the stages of physical activity, and to examine the effect of the TTM constructs and nationality on the stages of physical activity. A total of 354 older adults (Korean 180, American 174) were voluntarily participated from Seoul, Korea and Louisiana, USA. Stages of physical activity scale, exercise self-efficacy scale, decision balance scale, processes of change scale, and physical activity scale were applied to this study. Results indicated that American older adults (75.6%) were more likely to be participating in physical activity than Korean counterparts (60.9%) (X2 = 12.75, p<.001). Among the TTM constructs, except cons all of other variables were significantly different by the stages of physical activity [behavioral processes F (3,349) = 18.61, cognitive processes F (3,349) = 11, 12, exercise self-efficacy F(3,349) = 9.11, p = 0.00, pros F(3,349) = 5.06, p = 0.02]. According to regression analysis, behavioral processes, self-efficacy, nationality, cognitive processes, and pros were significant to explain physical activity (Wilks`λ = .77, F [18,354] = 13.00, p<.001). Furthermore, the results revealed that the total classification accuracy of physical activity stages by the 5 significant variables was 56.7%. Future studies relating to the current study should be focused on not only psychological variables, also social and environmental variables to examine variables associated with physical activity in a social ecological perspective.